Frenulina

Frenulina is an extant genus of brachiopods, known from shallow waters in the warmer parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its shell is biconvex, rounded pentagonal in profile, and dependent on the species scarlet with creamy white radiating stripes of quickly varying width, beige or seldom entirely white. It lives attached by a stalk to a hard underground.

Frenulina

Dwergenpaartje · CC BY-SA 3.0 · via Wikipedia/Commons. May be a photograph of a specimen, or an artist’s reconstruction — an interpretation of a skeleton, since colour and soft tissue are almost never preserved.

On record

Recorded, not inferred
Sits inside
FrenulinidaePBDB
Diet
suspension feederPBDB, for Frenulinidae
Life habit
low-level epifaunalPBDB, for Frenulinidae
Motility
stationary, attachedPBDB, for Frenulinidae
Vision
blindPBDB, for Rhynchonellata
Environment
marinePBDB, for Lophophorata

Time the record covers

At most 1.7 million years on record.

Every occurrence read is dated to somewhere between 1.8 Mya and 129 ka, and nothing in the dating separates them, so that window is what the record shows rather than a span.

Pleistocene — about 13 of 13 occurrencesPleistoceneHolocene — about 0 of 13 occurrences1.8–1.8 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.8–1.7 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.7–1.6 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.6–1.5 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.5–1.5 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.5–1.4 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.4–1.3 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.3–1.2 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.2–1.1 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.1–1.1 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences1.1–997 ka Mya — about 0.0 occurrences997 ka–920 ka Mya — about 0.0 occurrences920 ka–843 ka Mya — about 0.0 occurrences843 ka–767 ka Mya — about 0.2 occurrences767 ka–690 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence690 ka–613 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence613 ka–537 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence537 ka–460 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence460 ka–383 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence383 ka–307 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence307 ka–230 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence230 ka–153 ka Mya — about 1 occurrence153 ka–77 ka Mya — about 0.5 occurrences2.3 Mya0 Mya

13 occurrences of Frenulina on record, most of them in the Pleistocene. The Paleobiology Database records this as a living group, and the chart stops with its fossils rather than at the present. Bar height is expected occurrences, not a count: each fossil is spread across the span it is dated to, so a tall narrow bar means tight dating and a low wide one means loose.

When

13 occurrences

These are dates about fossils, not the animal: the record can only begin after it arose and end before it died out, so either end may reach further. Shares are expected occurrences: a fossil dated to a span is counted partly in each period it straddles. More on what this infers.

Found in

2 formations

Sobe — 26.39°N, 127.73°ESobe — 26.42°N, 127.82°ESobe — 26.13°N, 127.71°ENaha — 26.70°N, 127.95°E

Loading coastlines…

The named rock units Frenulina has been recovered from, largest first. Drawn where the rock is now, not where it formed. 9 occurrences have no formation on record, which is common for older literature.

Frenulina and its relatives

Pleistocene

Where Frenulina and its relatives were recorded in the Pleistocene.

Found in the same rock

142 taxa

The Paleobiology Database records 13 sites for Frenulina, and this reads all of them. The number is how many of those sites it was catalogued from too. The 24 sharing the most are listed.

This is not a list of everything alive at the time. It is only what has come out of the same ground as this animal and been written down.

Entered from

2 references

Each of the 13 occurrences read was entered from one of these publications, ordered by how many each accounts for. This is not a search for papers mentioning the name. Each entry links to doi.org. Relayed as the Paleobiology Database holds them, not checked against what they resolve to.

Media and terms

Media content1

Picture of Frenulina

Credit
Dwergenpaartje
Licence
CC BY-SA 3.0
Commercial use
the licence allows it

No 3D scan of Frenulina was found in Sketchfab.

Smithsonian Open Access and MorphoSource were not reached for this taxon, so this list is what the others held rather than everything there is.

The description on this site

Licence
CC BY-SA 4.0

This is what the site found, which is not the same as what exists.

Keep going

What may have been alongside itFrenulinidae through timeFormations of the PleistoceneThe world it lived on

Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, CC BY 4.0. Dall 1894