Pogonias cromis

The black drum, also known as the drum or drummer, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean off the eastern coast of North and South America. Though most specimens are generally found in the 5-30 lb (2–14 kg) range, the largest black drum was just over 113 lb (51 kg), while in Argentina in 1971, a 48 kg black drum was captured. They are often black and/or gray in color with juvenile fish having distinctive dark stripes over a gray body. Their teeth are rounded and they have powerful jaws capable of crushing oysters and other shellfish. Black drum are capable of producing tones between 100 Hz and 500 Hz when performing mating calls.

Pogonias cromis

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center · CC BY 2.0 · via Wikipedia/Commons. May be a photograph of a specimen, or an artist’s reconstruction — an interpretation of a skeleton, since colour and soft tissue are almost never preserved.

On record

Recorded, not inferred
Also called
black drumPBDB
Sits inside
PogoniasPBDB
Motility
actively mobilePBDB, for Osteichthyes

Time the record covers

At least 16 million years on record.

The record covers at least 16.3 Mya to 129 ka. No occurrence read is dated outside 23.04 Mya to 11.7 ka.

Oligocene — about 0 of 18 occurrencesMiocene — about 5 of 18 occurrencesMiocenePliocene — about 3 of 18 occurrencesPliocenePleistocene — about 10 of 18 occurrencesPleistocene24–23 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences23–22 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences22–21 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences21–20 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences20–20 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences20–19 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences19–18 Mya — about 0.3 occurrences18–17 Mya — about 0.4 occurrences17–16 Mya — about 0.4 occurrences16–16 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences16–15 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences15–14 Mya — about 0.1 occurrences14–13 Mya — about 0.0 occurrences13–12 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences12–11 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences11–10 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences10–9.4 Mya — about 0.5 occurrences9.4–8.6 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences8.6–7.8 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences7.8–7.1 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences7.1–6.3 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences6.3–5.5 Mya — about 0.2 occurrences5.5–4.7 Mya — about 0.7 occurrences4.7–3.9 Mya — about 0.7 occurrences3.9–3.1 Mya — about 0.9 occurrences3.1–2.4 Mya — about 0.8 occurrences2.4–1.6 Mya — about 0.6 occurrences1.6–785 ka Mya — about 2 occurrences785 ka–0 Mya — about 8 occurrences16.3 Mya129 ka23.5 Mya0 Mya

18 occurrences of Pogonias cromis on record, most of them in the Pleistocene. The Paleobiology Database records this as a living group. Bar height is expected occurrences, not a count: each fossil is spread across the span it is dated to, so a tall narrow bar means tight dating and a low wide one means loose.

When

18 occurrences

These are dates about fossils, not the animal: the record can only begin after it arose and end before it died out, so either end may reach further. Shares are expected occurrences: a fossil dated to a span is counted partly in each period it straddles. More on what this infers.

Found in

10 formations

Bermont — 27.70°N, 82.50°WAlachua — 29.55°N, 82.52°WSanta Vitória — 33.53°S, 53.37°WFort Thompson — 27.80°N, 82.80°WYorktown — 35.36°N, 76.82°WPungo River — 35.40°N, 76.80°WTalbot — 38.07°N, 76.36°WTorreya — 30.30°N, 84.20°WTamiami — 27.34°N, 82.51°WStatenville — 30.40°N, 83.00°W

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The named rock units Pogonias cromis has been recovered from, largest first. Drawn where the rock is now, not where it formed. 7 occurrences have no formation on record, which is common for older literature.

Pogonias cromis and its relatives

Pleistocene

Where Pogonias cromis and its relatives were recorded in the Pleistocene.

Found in the same rock

1,048 taxa

The Paleobiology Database records 17 sites for Pogonias cromis, and this reads all of them. The number is how many of those sites it was catalogued from too. The 24 sharing the most are listed.

This is not a list of everything alive at the time. It is only what has come out of the same ground as this animal and been written down.

Entered from

17 references

Each of the 18 occurrences read was entered from one of these publications, ordered by how many each accounts for. This is not a search for papers mentioning the name. 5 further references are not listed. Entries link to doi.org where the Paleobiology Database holds an identifier, and to its own record where it does not. Relayed as the Paleobiology Database holds them, not checked against what they resolve to.

Media and terms

Media content1

Picture of Pogonias cromis

Credit
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Licence
CC BY 2.0
Commercial use
the licence allows it

No 3D scan of Pogonias cromis was found in Smithsonian Open Access and Sketchfab.

MorphoSource was not reached for this taxon, so this list is what the others held rather than everything there is.

The description on this site

Licence
CC BY-SA 4.0

This is what the site found, which is not the same as what exists.

Keep going

What may have been alongside itPogonias through timeFormations of the PleistoceneThe world it lived on

Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, CC BY 4.0. Cope 1869